The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay Example for Free

The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay We learn about ancient civilizations through literature, artifacts, and stories passed down from generation to generation. The Mesopotamian civilization is one of earths earliest civilizations, and its also one we know very little about. We can gather information about these peoples way life, beliefs, and geographical location. The Epic of Gilgamesh, a literary work from this time period, shows us several important pieces of information that helps us understand this ancient civilization. This epic shows us the Mesopotamian peoples belief system, their views on death, and their description of the after life. The Mesopotamian people believed in a higher being, like most civilizations have for centuries. Their belief system consisted of many gods, each representing an aspect of Mesopotamian life. From the Epic of Gilgamesh we learn that they believed that the gods are the creators of everything around them. This is seen in this epic with the creation of Enkindu, by the goddess of creation, Aruru. We also can conclude that the god of the heavens, Anu, ruled the gods. The Mesopotamian people also had gods for death, love, and even cattle. The Mesopotamian people used the gods to explain just about every aspect of their life. Their gods were all-powerful, and could grant people godly features. For example, Gilgamesh embarks on a quest for eternal life from the gods when his fear of death becomes a reality with the death of Enkindu. The Mesopotamian people also believed in an afterlife. Through the Epic of Gilgamesh, we see that this civilization had an ancient version of what we consider to be heaven and hell. Their hell was controlled by the Queen of Darkness, and was believed to be a place of no return. The epic describes this place as a place of darkness where dust is their food and clay is their meat(sources, p5). Their underworld was where everyone who stood in the way of the gods. Death for the Mesopotamian people was believed to be controlled by the gods. We see this with the death of Enkindu. The gods decided that Enkindu should die because of his actions with Gilgamesh, and when Enkindu dreamed of his death, he knew it was the gods decision and he couldnt prevent it. We can also see the gods control of death through Gilgameshs journey to obtain immortality. It was known that the gods could grant a person eternal life by Gilgameshs encounter with Utnapishtim, a man that had been granted that of which Gilgamesh had been searching for. If granted eternal life, it was believed that you where entered into the assembly of the gods. Without the epics, and recordings of ancient civilizations, we would not be able to learn about the accomplishment and life-styles of are ancestors. The Epic of Gilgamesh has sheded some light on the mysteries of long ago. We do not have many recordings of Mesopotamian civilization, but with works of literature like this epic we can take another step closer in the search for answers to question about their beliefs, views on death, and what they believed about life after death. | Shang| | Ang Shang ay ikalawang namamanang dinastiya sa Tsina. Tumagal ito nang halos anim na raang taon na may tatlumput isang hari sa loob ng labimpitong henerasyon. Ang Shang ay dating isang matandang tribong naninirahan sa ibabang bahagi ng Yellow River. Itoy estado ng Kahariang Xia. Sa pagtatapos ng Xia, ang kahuli-hulihang haring si Jie ay isang tiranong naging sanhi ng pagdaralita ng mga mamamayan. Pinangunahan ng puno ng Tribong Shang na si Tang ang isang rebeldeng hukbo at pinabagsak ang Dinastiyang Xia (Ang ika-21 sa ika-17 siglo BC). Sa gayon naitatag ni Tang ang Dinastiyang Shang at ginawang kabisera nito ang Bo (kasalukuyang Caoxian Country sa lalawigang Shandong). Ang Dinastiyang Shang ay siyang ikalawang estadong monarkiya sa kasaysayan ng Tsina. Si Tang na siyang tagapagtatag ng Shang ay humugot ng mga aral mula sa mga labi ng nakaraang dinastiya, trinado niya nang mabuti ang kanyang mga mamamayan at gumamit ng maraming magagaling at matatalinong ministro. Nagkamit ng malaking progreso ang Shang sa ekonomiya nito sa panahon ng paghahari ni Tang. Samantala, dahil sa tunggaliang pampulitika para makamtan ang kapangyarihan sa korteng imperyal at sa patuloy na pakikidigma sa mga tribo sa hanggahan, limang beses na inilipat ng estadong Shang ang kabisera nito. Ang pinakakilalang paglilipat ay naganap noong panahon ng paghahari ni Haring Pangeng, ika-17 hari ng Shang. Muli niyang itinayo ang kabisera sa Yin, sa tabi ng kasalukuyang Xiaotuncun, sa lunsod ng Anyang ng lalawigang Henan. Ang bagong kabisera ay nakapag-ambag nang malaki sa pagkakaroon ng matatag na pamahalaan ng Dinastiyang Shang. Nang maitatag ang matagumpay na bagong kabisera, hindi ito nagbago sa buong nalalabing panahon ng Dinastiyang Shang, kaya, ang Dinastiyang Shang ay laging tinatawag na Ang Yin o ang Dinastiyang Yin-Shang. Mula sa mga natuklasan sa mga labi ng Yin, ang kabisera ng Shang, natuklasan ng mga arkeologo na medyo mataas na ang pamantayan ng produktibidad ng Dinastiyang Shang noong nakaraang panahon. Hinggil sa agrikultura, napabuti ang mga kagamitan sa pagsasaka. Malawakang ginagamit noon ang mga ararong bato, pala at karet. Ang mga pangunahing pananim ay kinabibilangan ng millet at trigo. Ang higit na mahalaga ay maunlad ang paggawa ng mga lalagyang bronse noong Dinastiyang Shang. Gumitaw sa Tsina ang kulturang bronse bago ang 3,000 BC at umabot ito sa kasukdulan noong ika-13 siglo BC. Ang mga bagay na yari sa bronse ay hindi lamang nakaapekto sa pang-araw araw na pamumuhay ng mga tao kundi gayun din sa armas ng estado. Dahil sa malawakang paggamit niyon, nagkamit ng walang katulad na tagumpay ang Dinastiyang Shang sa pulitika, ekonomiya, kultura at sining. Noong panahon ng paghahari ni Haring Wuding, ang palatandaan nito ay ang paggitaw ng pinaghalong metal ng tingga, tanso at lata. Ang bronzeware ay niyari nang maramihan. Ang mga itoy may dalawang klasipikasyon: ang panluto at lalagyan ng alak. Kabilang sa mga ito, ang kilalang likhang sining ay kinabibilangan ng simuwi quadripod, na may bigat na 732.84 kg na siyang pinakamalaking bronzeware na matatagpuan sa buong daigdig. Ginawa ito bilang pagpupugay sa namayapang ina ng hari ng Shang. Ang isa pay ang lalagyan ng alak na may apat na kambing na nakahimplay sa gilid nito. Ang Dinastiyang Shang ay palatandaan ng pagdating ng Bronze Age. Kasabay nito, umunlad din nang malaki ang iba pang industriya. Sa handicraft, ang operasyon ay nagkaroon ng higit na pinong dibisyon ng paggawa. Naitalang isang daang linya ang gumitaw sa handicraft noon. Ang mga craftmen ng Shang ay mahusay sa pagkalupkop at paglililok at litaw ang mga dekorasyon ng kanilang mga jase wares. Stone wares at ivory wares. Nakapag-imbento ang mga manghahabi ng simpleng jacquard loom, na nakagagawa ng sedang mataas ang kalidad at may hidden pattern. Bukod dito, ang mga mamamayang Shang ay nagkamit pa ng kahanga-hangang progreso sa medisina, transportasyon at astronomiya. Sa panahong ito, ang mahahalagang pangyayari ay nakaukit sa mga bahay ng pagong at mga buto ng hayop sa pamamagitan ng Oracle Script, na siyang pinakamatandang porma ng nasusulat na komunikasyon ng Tsina. Ang tradisyon ng pagsamba sa ninuno ay may mahabang kasaysayan sa Tsina. Natuklasan ng mga arkeologo na ginagawa na ito noon pang Prehistoric times (1.7 milyong taon hanggang ika-21 siglo BC). Sa paggitaw ng pagsasaka, sinasamba ng mga tao ang langit para magkaroon ng magandang panahon para sa kanilang mga pananim. Sa katunayan, itoy isanguri ng pagsamba sa kalikasan. Ang iba pang klase ng pagsamba ay ang pagsamba sa kanilang mga ninuno na tinawag ding pagsamba sa kaluluwa. Nag-aalay sila ng sakripisyo sa kanilang mga ninuno, na idinadalanging pagpalain nawa sila ng kanilang ninuno. Mula noong Dinastiyang Xia pasulong, pinagkalooban ang mga hari ng pinakamataas na awtoridad. Upang mapanatili ang kanilang kapangyarihan, pinagsanib ng mga hari ang pagsamba sa ninuno at ang pagsamba sa kalikasan upang lumikha ng Diyos o Kalangitan, at ipinroklama ang sarili bilang ahente o mga pangmundong inapo ng Diyos. Sa Dinastiyang Shang, laganap ang sistema ng pang-aalipin, nagtatamasa ang mga aris tokrata ng lahat ng karangyaan samantalang namumuhay na parang aso ang mga alipin. Silay pag-aari ng kanilang mga panginoon. Pagkaraang mamatay ang may-ari ng mga alipin, kadalasay inililibing nang buhay ang mga alipin bilang pag-aalay ng tao kasama ng mga iniaalay na hayop. Pagkamatay ni Haring Wuding, hindi nagtagal ang mga pinakamabuting panahon ng Dinastiyang Shang. Patungo sa katapusan, sumidhi ang mga panloob na alitan at nagrebelde ang mga decal state. Isang despota ang kahuli-hulihang naghaharing Shang. Ibinagsak siya ng isang rebeldeng hukbo ng mga alipin noong ika-11 siglo BC.|

The Influence of Self-Assessed Body Image on Confidence and Self-Esteem

Research in psychology today seems to be drawn towards particular fields of interest especially when it comes to understanding human behavior. One of the most common research topics for social psychology is body image and the perceptions that are related to age groups, genders, and ethnicities. Young people today are pressured by society to make physical appearance a dominant factor in their everyday lives, and the pressure is found not only through media influence but friends and family as well (Pavica, 2010). These pressures can affect many different aspects of a person’s life and significantly influence their actions. The aspects affected by body image can include popularity among peers, social comfort, and the attitudes an individual comes to commit to behavior (Lewis & Rosenblum, 1999). Studies of body image in the past have gained varying results as to the groups that are affected, as well as the amount of impact body image has with these groups. There has also been much debate over the validity of methods used to judge body image, and how well the measurements used actually correlate participants’ actual views of body image (Cash, Morrow, Hrabosky, & Perry 2004). Some factors that have led to this discrepancy in answers are questions that were framed to be more suitable to attain the attitudes of one gender over another. The initial studies of body image focused upon simply body shape which seemed to be more important to women, whereas body image affects were seen for men when questions of muscle definition were included into the questionnaire process (Ridgeway, & Tylka, 2005). This study hopes to gain a more in depth view of a demographic that is believed to put a great amount of focus on body image in the way the... ...ipong, Paul, and Heidi Burkey. "Body mass Index and Body Size Perception: A normalizing of overweight and obesity among diverse college students." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 9.1 (2011): 18-24. Retrieved from http://cjhp.org/Volume9-2011/issue1/18-24ratanasiripong.pdf Ridgeway, R., & Tylka, T. (2005). College men's perceptions of ideal body composition and shape. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(3), 209-220. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com Rosenblum, G. and Lewis, M. "The relations among body image, physical attractiveness, and body mass in adolescence." Child Development 70.1 (1999): 50-64. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00005 Seidah, Amelie, and Therese Bouffard. "Being proud of oneself as a person or being proud of one's physical appearance: What matters for feeling will in adolescense?." Social Behavior and Personality 35.2 (2007): 255-268.

Management Essay

Essay Title: Suggest ways in which managers can choose to manage diversity in the workplace. Illustrate with examples from organisational practice. Gilmore, Williams et al, 2009. Human Resource Management. New York: Oxford University. Summary This book not only describes the knowledge of human resource management (HRM) but also illustrates numerous interesting examples with further discussion, such as discussion questions and case study that link the theories and practices. In chapter 11, it mainly discusses the equality, diversity, and dignity at work with real cases, it also provides the background of diversity and the main pieces of UK equality laws. Authority The book was written by Sarah Gilmore and Steve Williams. They are two principal lecturers at the University of Portsmouth in the UK. Dr. Gilmore’s research interests are HRM, training and development and psychoanalysis. In addition, Dr. Williams co-authored Human Resource Management and other three books. For instance, Contemporary Employment Relations: a Critical Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 2010). Two authors both have academic background and relate in those fields. Currency The book was published in 2009. It is current enough for my research. Accuracy This book includes abundant references, it not only states the knowledge of theoretical side but also provides practical aspects such as the real case of Tesco. On the other hand, this book have many information related the Internet sources that would be lower reliable than other information. Readership Managers would read it because it would help readers to improve the knowledge about this field. Relevance The information about the UK equality law is vital important for my research. It completed my whole picture of essay. Due to, in my research the legislation is a main element to reduce the discriminations in the workplace.

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